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- Introduction....................................................... viii
- Organization of the Standard.................................... viii
- Base Documents.................................................. ix
- Related Standards Activities.................................... x
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- Section 1: General................................................. 1
- 1.1 Scope..................................................... 1
- 1.2 Normative References...................................... 12
- 1.3 Conformance............................................... 12
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- Section 2: Terminology and General Requirements.................... 19
- 2.1 Conventions............................................... 19
- 2.2 Definitions............................................... 23
- 2.3 Built-in Utilities........................................ 51
- 2.4 Character Set............................................. 54
- 2.5 Locale.................................................... 61
- 2.6 Environment Variables..................................... 103
- 2.7 Required Files............................................ 109
- 2.8 Regular Expression Notation............................... 110
- 2.9 Dependencies on Other Standards........................... 138
- 2.10 Utility Conventions....................................... 147
- 2.11 Utility Description Defaults.............................. 156
- 2.12 File Format Notation...................................... 168
- 2.13 Configuration Values...................................... 173
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- Section 3: Shell Command Language.................................. 181
- 3.1 Shell Definitions......................................... 183
- 3.2 Quoting................................................... 185
- 3.3 Token Recognition......................................... 188
- 3.4 Reserved Words............................................ 190
- 3.5 Parameters and Variables.................................. 192
- 3.6 Word Expansions........................................... 195
- 3.7 Redirection............................................... 209
- 3.8 Exit Status and Errors.................................... 214
- 3.9 Shell Commands............................................ 216
- 3.10 Shell Grammar............................................. 233
- 3.11 Signals and Error Handling................................ 240
- 3.12 Shell Execution Environment............................... 240
- 3.13 Pattern Matching Notation................................. 242
- 3.14 Special Built-in Utilities................................ 246
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- Section 4: Execution Environment Utilities......................... 263
- 4.1 awk - Pattern scanning and processing language............ 263
- 4.2 basename - Return nondirectory portion of pathname........ 297
- 4.3 bc - Arbitrary-precision arithmetic language.............. 301
- 4.4 cat - Concatenate and print files......................... 318
- 4.5 cd - Change working directory............................. 322
- 4.6 chgrp - Change file group ownership....................... 326
- 4.7 chmod - Change file modes................................. 329
- 4.8 chown - Change file ownership............................. 337
- 4.9 cksum - Write file checksums and sizes.................... 341
- 4.10 cmp - Compare two files................................... 347
- 4.11 comm - Select or reject lines common to two files......... 350
- 4.12 command - Execute a simple command........................ 354
- 4.13 cp - Copy files........................................... 359
- 4.14 cut - Cut out selected fields of each line of a file...... 368
- 4.15 date - Write the date and time............................ 373
- 4.16 dd - Convert and copy a file.............................. 379
- 4.17 diff - Compare two files.................................. 388
- 4.18 dirname - Return directory portion of pathname............ 395
- 4.19 echo - Write arguments to standard output................. 399
- 4.20 ed - Edit text............................................ 402
- 4.21 env - Set environment for command invocation.............. 419
- 4.22 expr - Evaluate arguments as an expression................ 423
- 4.23 false - Return false value................................ 428
- 4.24 find - Find files......................................... 430
- 4.25 fold - Fold lines......................................... 438
- 4.26 getconf - Get configuration values........................ 442
- 4.27 getopts - Parse utility options........................... 447
- 4.28 grep - File pattern searcher.............................. 452
- 4.29 head - Copy the first part of files....................... 459
- 4.30 id - Return user identity................................. 462
- 4.31 join - Relational database operator....................... 466
- 4.32 kill - Terminate or signal processes...................... 471
- 4.33 ln - Link files........................................... 476
- 4.34 locale - Get locale-specific information.................. 480
- 4.35 localedef - Define locale environment..................... 486
- 4.36 logger - Log messages..................................... 491
- 4.37 logname - Return user's login name........................ 494
- 4.38 lp - Send files to a printer.............................. 496
- 4.39 ls - List directory contents.............................. 502
- 4.40 mailx - Process messages.................................. 510
- 4.41 mkdir - Make directories.................................. 514
- 4.42 mkfifo - Make FIFO special files.......................... 518
- 4.43 mv - Move files........................................... 521
- 4.44 nohup - Invoke a utility immune to hangups................ 526
- 4.45 od - Dump files in various formats........................ 530
- 4.46 paste - Merge corresponding or subsequent lines of
- files..................................................... 538
- 4.47 pathchk - Check pathnames................................. 543
- 4.48 pax - Portable archive interchange........................ 548
- 4.49 pr - Print files.......................................... 562
- 4.50 printf - Write formatted output........................... 568
- 4.51 pwd - Return working directory name....................... 574
- 4.52 read - Read a line from standard input.................... 576
- 4.53 rm - Remove directory entries............................. 579
- 4.54 rmdir - Remove directories................................ 584
- 4.55 sed - Stream editor....................................... 587
- 4.56 sh - Shell, the standard command language interpreter..... 597
- 4.57 sleep - Suspend execution for an interval................. 603
- 4.58 sort - Sort, merge, or sequence check text files.......... 605
- 4.59 stty - Set the options for a terminal..................... 613
- 4.60 tail - Copy the last part of a file....................... 623
- 4.61 tee - Duplicate standard input............................ 628
- 4.62 test - Evaluate expression................................ 631
- 4.63 touch - Change file access and modification times......... 640
- 4.64 tr - Translate characters................................. 645
- 4.65 true - Return true value.................................. 652
- 4.66 tty - Return user's terminal name......................... 654
- 4.67 umask - Get or set the file mode creation mask............ 657
- 4.68 uname - Return system name................................ 662
- 4.69 uniq - Report or filter out repeated lines in a file...... 665
- 4.70 wait - Await process completion........................... 669
- 4.71 wc - Word, line, and byte count........................... 674
- 4.72 xargs - Construct argument list(s) and invoke utility..... 678
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- Section 5: User Portability Utilities Option....................... 685
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- Section 6: Software Development Utilities Option................... 687
- 6.1 ar - Create and maintain library archives................. 687
- 6.2 make - Maintain, update, and regenerate groups of
- programs.................................................. 695
- 6.3 strip - Remove unnecessary information from executable
- files..................................................... 716
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- Section 7: Language-Independent System Services.................... 719
- 7.1 Shell Command Interface................................... 720
- 7.2 Access Environment Variables.............................. 720
- 7.3 Regular Expression Matching............................... 721
- 7.4 Pattern Matching.......................................... 721
- 7.5 Command Option Parsing.................................... 721
- 7.6 Generate Pathnames Matching a Pattern..................... 722
- 7.7 Perform Word Expansions................................... 722
- 7.8 Get POSIX Configurable Variables.......................... 722
- 7.9 Locale Control............................................ 723
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- Annex A (normative) C Language Development Utilities Option........ 725
- A.1 c89 - Compile Standard C programs......................... 726
- A.2 lex - Generate programs for lexical tasks................. 736
- A.3 yacc - Yet another compiler compiler...................... 750
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- Annex B (normative) C Language Bindings Option..................... 771
- B.1 C Language Definitions.................................... 772
- B.1.1 POSIX Symbols...................................... 772
- B.1.2 Headers and Function Prototypes.................... 774
- B.1.3 Error Numbers...................................... 774
- B.2 C Numerical Limits........................................ 775
- B.2.1 C Macros for Symbolic Limits....................... 775
- B.2.2 Compile-Time Symbolic Constants for Portability
- Specifications..................................... 776
- B.2.3 Execution-Time Symbolic Constants for Portability
- Specifications..................................... 777
- B.2.4 POSIX.1 C Numerical Limits......................... 777
- B.3 C Binding for Shell Command Interface..................... 778
- B.3.1 C Binding for Execute Command...................... 778
- B.3.2 C Binding for Pipe Communications with Programs.... 782
- B.4 C Binding for Access Environment Variables................ 786
- B.5 C Binding for Regular Expression Matching................. 786
- B.6 C Binding for Match Filename or Pathname.................. 794
- B.7 C Binding for Command Option Parsing...................... 796
- B.8 C Binding for Generate Pathnames Matching a Pattern....... 799
- B.9 C Binding for Perform Word Expansions..................... 804
- B.10 C Binding for Get POSIX Configurable Variables............ 809
- B.11 C Binding for Locale Control.............................. 812
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- Annex C (normative) FORTRAN Development and Runtime Utilities
- Options......................................................... 813
- C.1 asa - Interpret carriage-control characters............... 813
- C.2 fort77 - FORTRAN compiler................................. 817
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- Annex D (informative) Bibliography................................. 825
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- Annex E (informative) Rationale and Notes.......................... 829
- E.1 General................................................... 829
- E.2 Terminology and General Requirements...................... 830
- E.3 Shell Command Language.................................... 831
- E.4 Execution Environment Utilities........................... 832
- E.5 User Portability Utilities Option......................... 843
- E.6 Software Development Utilities Option..................... 843
- E.7 Language-Independent System Services...................... 844
- E.8 C Language Development Utilities Option................... 844
- E.9 C Language Bindings Option................................ 845
- E.10 FORTRAN Development and Runtime Utilities Options......... 846
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- Annex F (informative) Sample National Profile...................... 847
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- Annex G (informative) Balloting Instructions....................... 919
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- Identifier Index................................................... 929
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- Alphabetic Topical Index........................................... 933
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